Hales Corners Chess Challenge XVIII

Hola Darlings!

I cannot believe it, but Challenge XVIII will soon be here -- October 12, 2013 in Milwaukee, four games in one day.  Whew!

Goddesschess, which these days is reduced to moi (low in number but mighty in spirit), is once again sponsoring prizes for the chess femmes as well as a separate $50 prize for best game (anyone can enter), to spread a little love just in case a chess dude should have the best game.  Now who will judge the best game and all that, I leave that entirely to the folks at Southwest Chess Club.  I HEART Southwest Chess Club!

When Goddesschess was more than just me, way back at Challenge VIII, we put up our first modest amount of prize money.  So, Challenge XVIII is - get this - the 11th Challenge (not the 10th -- count it on your fingers if you do not believe me) to which we/I have provided prize money.  Whoop whoop! 

Link to flyer for more information!

Two or three or four Challenges ago (I forget, my memory isn't so good these days, damn it all!), I started a little bit extra for the chess femmes by creating gift bags for the top female finisher in each of the Open and Reserve Sections.  This year, the tradition continues! 

Let me tell you, it's no easy task scouring the internet and local stores for suitable chessly items.  But I love the challenge.  And I succeeded in finding some new chessly gifts for the femmes, which I sincerely hope they will enjoy! 

Will I be up to the challenge of playing in the Challenge?  Ahem, bad pun, yes.  Frankly, maybe not.  As some of you may know, my health has not been the best since last summer.  What I have doesn't go away, it is controlled at best, and right now it is not controlled despite the efforts of a cardiologist and an electrophysiologist, and if that isn't a mouthful I don't know what is.  Angry and frustrated am I, yes.  I will probably have to undergo another heart zapping procedure in an attempt to get my heart back into a normal rhythm.  The first one, done in November 2012 not a month after much loved Don McLean (my Mr. Don) died from a similar ailment, did not last more than six months.  Argggghhhh! 

I have, nonetheless, stuck to my pledge made this spring to train relentlessly and try to improve my OTB game.  Well, I'm not so sure I've improved any.  In fact, at times I think I have regressed and play worse now than I did years ago.  EEK!  But I persevere, darlings, I persevere.  Not much else to say, except

BE THERE OR BE ROUND!  HAR :))))

Get it? Not square, because square represents the 64 squares (plus one) of the chessboard, and that is tres cool.  We WANT to be square!  Well, technically I suppose ancient Byzantine Zatrikion, played on a round board, was a derivative form of chess.  But who the heck knows that who reads this blog -- probably no one, ha ha ha !  Okay, enough wine for tonight...

Does anybody really know what time it is:

British/German 19th Century Chess Propaganda Continues Unabated!

Read this article with several grains of salt on your tongue and try not to gag, it is so full of stinky garbage -- a  veritable charnel house of odiferous nonsense!

From Gulf News Online, Weekend Review

Chess: a chequered history

How chess explains the rise and decline of the empires and superpowers

By John Arquilla

Published: 21:30 September 5, 2013

Oh for GODDESS' SAKE!  I can't believe that after so many years of publishing the TRUTH about the real meaning of the term shah mat, writers who should know better are still publishing the bullshit that shah mat means "the King is dead."

What sheer utter nonsense!  I wrote about this TEN FRIGGING YEARS AGO, people!  Here's a link to my article at Goddesschess (the website).  Read the truth of the matter, please! 

The original term shah mat -- the oldest that we know of in a written text as far as I'm aware, from an ancient Persian epic, no less -- was in an ancient Persian language, NOT ARABIC!  Shah is a Persian word - NOT ARABIC!  The phrase was Persian, NOT ARABIC!  When the Arabs conquered Persia in the 7th century CE, they didn't know a Shah mat from a hole in the ground!  And they didn't know chess, either.  By coincidence, mat in Arabic means dead or death.  Hence, lots of 19th century Germans and English "historians" were eager to jump to the WRONG CONCLUSION that the phrase meant -- la da la da.  THEY - WERE - WRONG! 

The Arabs got chess from the Persians.  The Arabs renamed some pieces because they had difficulties pronouncing some of the Persian namess for the pieces, and substituted names that made sense to them in their culture at the time.  But the Shah always remained the Shah. He was still the Shah when the last of a long line of actual Shahs was overthrown by the Islamic Nazis in Iran in 1979 and a couple hundred Americans were held captive by the Islamic Nazis for over a year.   Remember that, do you? 

Consider this -- the king piece was NOT NAMED RAJA(H) when the Arabs conquered Persia and adopted the game of chess from them, which one would think would be the case if the game had originated in northwest India (Pakistan).  It was only much later, in about the 11th century CE, that abundant references begin to appear in Indian literature and references, including art work, to chess, and the Indians renamed the king to what they called their kings at the time - Raja(h).  Duh!  How difficult is that to follow, heh? 

While many 19th century German and English chess "historians" claimed that the Persians got chess from the Indians, many prominent scholars and historians have (sometimes vehemently) contested that claim over the years and provided evidence to support their own hypotheses about the origins of chess.  China has been proposed by several researchers; Persia has been proposed by others.  Goddesschess' Don McLean (may he rest in peace), thought it likely the original inspirations and symbolism that ultimately culminated in the game of chess arose out of ancient Egypt.  Unfortunately, while Don was a wonderful speaker who could captivate an audience, he was not a very good writer, and when he unexpected passed away in October, 2012, what he did have in writing was locked away on his trusty old Mac notebook, in storage since his death. 

Most of the counter-vailing hypotheses and evidence put forth have been ignored by supporters of the 19th century school of thought because, frankly, they cannot come up with convincing counter-arguments to shore up the hoary old hypotheses (accepted as Gospel Truth for so many years) proposed by H.J.R. Murray in his "A History of Chess."

Today, some Indian scholars have their own reputations and vested interests to protect since they backed the German hypothesis of "chess out of India" seconded by Murray, and are not actually interested in uncovering the truth; they are as eager as the Germans to pooh-pooh anything counter to their own pet hypotheses and conclusions drawn therefrom.  Reputations and money are at stake.

Who'd have thunk that such an esoteric subject that 99.9% of the world's population doesn't give a bloody damn about could generate such controversy and fire!  WHHOOOOSSSHHHH! 

Don't fall for the standard line of crap that:

(1) Chess is a war game (it was not initially, at all, but it did evolve into a SUBSTITUTE for war, based upon the ancient Persian tradition of the King's Champion or RUHKH  -- does that name ring any bells with you?  RUHKH was a war charioteer, and in today's western chess we call the piece the Rook or Castle.  And that herstory is mighty interesting how that switcheroo came about).

(2) Chess was invented in India (it wasn't).

(3) Shah mat (in English, checkmate) means "the King is dead" (it doesn't).

Possibly of Interest to Collectors: Skyline Chess - London (Needs Funding to Bring to Market - Check It Out)

Hmmm....  I don't know if this set will ever make it to production.  Some collector(s) might want to consider pursuing the prototype, which looks pretty dang cool!

From Realty Today (of all places!)

Posted by Rapti Gupta on Sep 06, 2013 03:40 AM EDT

Checkmate: 'Skyline Chess' Casts London’s Architecture into Board Pieces

Remember how a whole island in Japan was turned into the board game "Game of Life"? [Really? I never knew that!] Something similar is happening in London. Recently, a couple of London-based architects decided to combine their passion for the game of chess and architecture and converted the chessboard pieces to resemble the London skyline, literally.
The 3D printed prototype of the game called "Skyline Chess" shows 'hand cast chessmen based on the iconic buildings of London'. The two architects, Chris Posser and Ian Flood, took to KickStarter to fund the project and commercialize the unique chess set.

The ambitious designers don't want to stop at London. If the London one does well, they hope to create games where one can play city vs. city, for ex: New York vs. Rome, Dubai vs. Shanghai, etc.

In the Skyline Chess set, each piece of the game will be represented by a famous building of London. While a common two story residence will signify the pawn, the 50 St Mary Axe or the Gherkin will be the bishop (as its shape suits the piece). The knight will be portrayed by the London Eye and the rook by the historic Big Ben. The London Shard will play the queen and the Canary Wharf building will signify the king.

A lot of thought and detail went into developing the pieces. The chessmen were conceptualized over a few games of chess and 'were scaled to best represent the quality of the chosen building'.

Their KickStarter page reads:

Our vision is to take our prototype chess set and bring it to market. We are currently in discussions with manufacturers and we hope to be able to market the sets in a weighted acrylic as well as cast them in metal.

However, this project will only be funded if at least $39,000 is pledged by September 26. You can back the creation to win customized stuff and also get a mention on their website.

There is a video at the article link (title at beginning of post). 

European Individual Women's Chess Championship 2013

From The Week in Chess and the official website (check it out - lots of photographs of the action and interviews with the chess femmes, among other things). 

169 players.  Here are the top finishers only (see The Week in Chess for full table):

ch-EUR Ind w 2013 Belgrade SRB Tue 23rd Jul 2013 - Sat 3rd Aug 2013 Leading Final Round 11 Standings:
Rk	Name	Ti	FED	Rtg	Pts	TB1	TB2	TB3
1	Hoang Thanh Trang	GM	HUN	2467	9.0	2421	73.0	79.0
2	Melia Salome	IM	GEO	2428	8.0	2452	72.5	77.0
3	Mkrtchian Lilit	IM	ARM	2454	8.0	2404	70.5	75.5
4	Cmilyte Viktorija	GM	LTU	2497	8.0	2393	68.5	73.5
5	Kosteniuk Alexandra	GM	RUS	2489	8.0	2393	67.0	71.5
6	Khotenashvili Bela	IM	GEO	2512	8.0	2388	69.0	74.5
7	Socko Monika	GM	POL	2435	8.0	2360	65.0	69.5
8	Kashlinskaya Alina	WGM	RUS	2334	7.5	2433	69.5	73.0
9	Arabidze Meri	WGM	GEO	2320	7.5	2432	73.5	77.5
10	Pogonina Natalija	WGM	RUS	2478	7.5	2407	68.0	72.5
11	Kovanova Baira	WGM	RUS	2371	7.5	2398	70.0	74.5
12	Muzychuk Anna	GM	SLO	2594	7.5	2393	69.0	73.5
13	Girya Olga	WGM	RUS	2437	7.5	2391	69.5	75.0
14	Stefanova Antoaneta	GM	BUL	2497	7.5	2362	65.0	70.0
15	Ozturk Kubra	WGM	TUR	2293	7.5	2360	65.0	69.0
16	Cramling Pia	GM	SWE	2523	7.5	2356	64.5	70.0
17	Javakhishvili Lela	IM	GEO	2465	7.5	2324	59.0	63.5
18	Atalik Ekaterina	IM	EUR	2430	7.5	2319	59.0	63.5
19	Milliet Sophie	IM	FRA	2396	7.5	2298	60.5	65.0
20	Arakhamia-Grant Ketevan	GM	SCO	2385	7.5	2280	59.0	63.5

Good to see IM Salome Melia doing so well - and she looks fabulous too!  Melia was a WGM at the time we brought her from Europe to participate in the 2009 City of Montreal Chess Championships, and a city fell in love with her.  Best of all, she earned a second GM norm, whoop whoop! 

It seems like yesterday when Hoang Thanh Trang was a shy teenager with a bad haircut and thick glasses.  She was always a good chessplayer, and has maintained her high level of play.  Lilit Mkrtchian from Armenia (the place where the eight-spoke chariot wheel was first invented in the 19th century BCE, which revolutionized warfare and is, perhaps, memorialized in ancient chess pieces as the 'ruhkh' [often depicted as a horse-drawn war chariot]) has been near the top ranks of female players since her breakthrough performance a few years back in one of FIDE's knock-out format Women's World Chess Chamionships where, I believe (working from my badly leaking memory) she made it all the way into the quarter-finals.  Here's a pic from the official website of the top three finishers:

Salome Melia left, Hoang Thanh Trang center, Lilit Mkrtchian right.

Congratulations to the winners and also to GM Alexandra Kosteniuk who tied with 6 players with 8.0/11 (including Melia and Mrktchian). 

2013 Spanish Women's Chess Championship

Taking place before the "main" event, the chess femmes faced off in Linares, Spain August 19th through August 25, 2013.  Here is the final ranking table, courtesy of The Week in Chess:

ch-ESP w 2013 Linares ESP Mon 19th Aug 2013 - Sun 25th Aug 2013 Leading Final Round 9 Standings:
Rk	SNo	Name	FED	Rtg	Pts	TB1	TB2	TB3
1	1	Alexandrova Olga	ESP	2431	6.5	38.0	48.0	44.5
2	8	Calzetta Ruiz Monica	ESP	2221	6.5	36.5	43.5	43.0
3	3	Matnadze Ana	ESP	2390	6.0	39.0	50.5	45.5
4	6	Hernandez Estevez Yudania	ESP	2230	6.0	37.0	47.5	43.5
5	2	Vega Gutierrez Sabrina	ESP	2402	6.0	36.5	47.5	43.0
6	4	Nicolas Zapata Irene	ESP	2253	5.5	37.0	46.5	43.5
7	5	Aranaz Murillo Amalia	ESP	2246	5.5	36.0	46.5	42.5
8	11	Vega Gutierrez Belinda	ESP	2148	5.0	38.0	48.5	44.5
9	15	Perera Borrego Mariela	ESP	2062	5.0	35.5	46.0	42.0
10	7	Garcia Vicente Nieves	ESP	2227	5.0	35.0	45.5	41.0
11	9	Guadamuro Torrente Anabel	ESP	2195	5.0	33.5	43.0	39.5
12	10	Collado Barbas Laura	ESP	2151	5.0	33.0	42.0	39.5
13	12	Cerrato Torrijos Maria	ESP	2148	5.0	32.5	41.5	38.5
14	17	Redondo Arguelles Graciela	ESP	2008	5.0	31.5	38.0	37.5
15	18	Gonzalez Berruga Ana Isabel	ESP	2004	4.5	33.5	42.0	39.5
16	16	Ruiz Font Elisabet	ESP	2059	4.5	32.5	42.0	39.0
17	13	Fidalgo Fernandez Lucia	ESP	2137	4.5	32.5	41.5	39.0
18	14	Alfonso Nogue Beatriz	ESP	2085	4.5	31.0	39.5	37.0
19	22	Beltran Ortiz Edda Georgina	ESP	1906	4.5	30.5	39.5	37.0
20	21	Iza Abete Amaia	ESP	1991	4.5	30.5	38.0	35.5
21	20	Riera Morilla Elizabeth	ESP	1991	4.5	29.5	38.5	35.5
22	19	Ordonez Torres Maria Del Carm	ESP	1994	4.5	27.5	33.5	33.0
23	25	Buiza Prieto Eihartze	ESP	1723	4.0	27.0	32.5	32.0
24	23	Romero Diez Sandra	ESP	1822	4.0	26.0	33.0	32.5
25	27	Erades Berenguer Ana	ESP	1551	3.5	26.5	31.5	31.0
26	26	Martin Dinares Sonia	ESP	1708	3.5	26.0	34.0	31.5
27	24	Barrio Ugidos Ainhoa	ESP	1752	3.0	25.0	30.5	30.0
28	28	Gonzalez Benavides Pilar	ESP	1537	3.0	25.0	30.0	29.5
29	29	Acebal Muniz Maria Concepcion	ESP	1292	1.0	26.0	35.0	32.5
29 players

Interestingly, IM Ana Matnadze, with the third highest ELO in this group, finished in third place overall with 6.0/9, while relatively speaking she performed much better in the Spanish Championship with 96 players, finishing in 15th place overall, also with 6.0/9.  Does that mean anything?  Does that mean, for instance, that the chess femmes are perhaps better players overall than their ratings would suggest, due to the effect of playing in women's ratings ghetto events?  Does it mean that some of the male players are not as good as their ELOs would indicate?  Inquiring minds want to know...

78th Spanish Chess Championship 2013

Hola darlings!  I'm still among the living, just been busy with other things.  Today too, but I'm stealing time today to post because I haven't been here since August 27th, eek!  Are there any readers left out there, echo echo echo...

The 78th Spanish Chess Championship was held in the famous chess city, Linares, from August 29th through September 26, 2013.  Coming in clear first with 7.5/9 was GM Ivan Salgado Lopez (ESP 2614).

The highest placing female player (96 players) was IM Ana Matnadze (ESP 2390) with 6.0, tying with several other players also at 6.0/9:

8	6	Perez Candelario Manuel	GM	ESP	2569	6	52	35	0
9	10	Castellanos Rodriguez Renier	IM	ESP	2510	6	51.5	36	0
10	9	Ibarra Jerez Jose Carlos	GM	ESP	2538	6	51.5	35.5	0
11	17	Teran Alvarez Ismael	IM	ESP	2422	6	51.5	32.5	0
12	29	Andres Gonzalez Ivan	FM	ESP	2311	6	48	30	0
13	26	Torres Ventosa Pedro Eugenio	FM	ESP	2317	6	47.5	30	0
14	20	Astasio Lopez David	FM	ESP	2392	6	47	32	0
15	21	Matnadze Ana	IM	ESP	2390	6	47	30	0
16	7	Alonso Rosell Alvar	GM	ESP	2550	6	46.5	31.5	0
17	16	Recuero Guerra David	IM	ESP	2454	6	46.5	29	0
18	15	Gonzalez De La Torre Santiago	IM	ESP	2472	6	45.5	29	0
19	42	Gavilan Diaz Mario	FM	ESP	2225	6	44	27	0

Other chess femmes who participated:

24

40

Hernandez Estevez Yudania

WIM

ESP

2230

5.5

48

29

0

27

18

Vega Gutierrez Sabrina

IM

ESP

2402

5

49

29

0

31

33

Nicolas Zapata Irene

WIM

ESP

2253

5

46.5

28

0

37

36

Aranaz Murillo Amalia

WIM

ESP

2246

5

43.5

25

0

45

58

Perera Borrego Mariela

ESP

2062

4.5

42.5

21.5

0

56

53

Vega Gutierrez Belinda

WIM

ESP

2148

4

43

21

0

74	93	Redondo Benavente Ana		ESP	1549	3.5	33.5	15.5	0
75	87	Represa Perez Mireya		ESP	1705	3.5	32	13.5	0

Possible Evidence of Ancient Bear Cult in Siberia

From The International Business Times

2,000-Year-Old Bear Ring Found In Siberia, Used In Ancient ‘Bear Cult’

By Zoe Mintz

on August 27 2013 8:59 PM

 

 

A Russian student has made a rare discovery in Siberia.

Alexander Korchagin, a student at Novosibirsk State University, discovered a 2,000-year-old bronze ring that may have belonged to an ancient tribe that saw polar bears as sacred animals, the Siberian Times reports.

“The ring is tiny in diameter so even a young girl, let alone a woman, cannot wear it. We concluded that it was used in a ritual connected with a bear cult and was put on the bear claw,” said archaeologist Andrey Gusev, from the Scientific Research Centre of the Arctic in Salekhard.

 

The ring was found during an excavation at Ust-Polui, an ancient sanctuary in Salekhard that sits on a bank of the Polui River, not far from the confluence with the Ob River. Since 1932, excavations have taken place at the site, which is believed to have functioned as a spiritual center since the first century B.C.

“Ust-Polui is rich in such objects. More than this, many of them have genuine artistic value and help us understand something about the beliefs of these ancient inhabitants. This is the case with this ring showing the head and paws of a bear, which we have found this year,” Gusev said.

While the Khanty tribes left no written evidence for their existence, the ring’s discovery may help fill in the gaps on how the ancient tribe lived.

“After killing the bear they had a bear festival to honor the animal's memory,” Gusev said. “The head and front paws of the bear was adorned with a handkerchief, rings, and left lying a few days in the house. This combination of images on the ring and the fact that it was found in the sanctuary of Ust-Polui led us to believe that there was also practiced a bear cult.”

This isn’t the first relic uncovered at the site. This past year archaeologists unearthed a bird with a mask on its chest and a pendant showing a furry animal biting a bird -- both made from bronze.
Natalia Fedorova, a senior fellow from the Center for the Study of the Arctic, says the remote location functioned as an “intertribal sacred place” in the first century BC.

"It was located on the crossroads of the natural zones and the cultural traditions,” Fedorova said.  While meeting there during the sacred ceremonies the people from various territories of the Ob region exchanged knowledge, technology and cultural achievements, in these meetings they created new cycles of magic legends and epic tales, the motifs of which inspired the ancient artists.”
Yearly excavations have taken place at the site since 2006 and are scheduled to continue until 2015.

More photos and a biography of the article's author at the original link. 

Neolithic "Venus" Figurine Discovered in Racibórz, Silesia

From Science and Scholarship in Poland

Archaeologists discovered a unique woman figurine in Silesia
28.08.2013

Unique on the Polish scale clay figurine from the Neolithic period (fourth millennium BC) depicting a stylised woman figure has been found during the excavations in Racibórz.

"This find is a sensation in the archaeological world, because so far only a few and small fragments of human figurines from this period have been discovered" - told PAP Jacek Pierzak from the Silesian Regional Office for the Protection of Monuments.

Photo by Piotr Szejnoga

The object was discovered during the survey of the planned flood reservoir Dolna Odra, conducted by the Archaeological Rescue Research Team at the Centre for Prehistoric and Medieval Studies of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology PAS in Poznań.

The figurine was dubbed "Venus of Racibórz" because it is similar to other finds of this type known from Paleolithic sites. It has clearly shown legs, wide hips, breasts, and three nodules at the top, the central of which is a schematic representation of the head, while the outer two are interpreted as hands raised in a gesture of oration. Figurine from Racibórz, however, is made of different material, than Venus - it is made of clay, while Venus was sculpted in stone. Discoverer of the "Venus of Racibórz" is Marek Anioła, archaeologist who conducts work at the site.

"Female figurines are associated with the worship of fertility and the mother goddess, they are also considered by some scientists to be evidence of the importance of women in the Neolithic period" - said the coordinator of the archaeological work Dr. Przemysław Bobrowski.

It's not only interesting archaeological discovery made during the work in the Racibórz area. The study includes 15 archaeological sites from different periods. They are part of a larger project conducted by the Consortium of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, the University of Wroclaw and the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, at the request of the Regional Water Management Authority in Gliwice.

PAP - Science and Scholarship in Poland
szz/ tot/ mrt/
tr. RL

Note the description above.  I don't know about you, dear readers, but what I see is a headdress, not a symbolic representation of a woman with a pin-sized head and raised hands.  Nope - this figurine's arms/hands are held behind her back (Is she bound???)  The image shows the front (on the left) and back (on the right) sides of the figurine.  I cannot see any other explanation for what look like arms to me held behind one's back than that -- they are arms.  So, if this lady's arms are behind her back, they cannot simultaneously be held above her head in a gesture of adoration, exultation or greeting, unless she had two sets of arms.  But why would one set of arms be so clearly depicted, and the arms held above her head not be depicted at all?

Doesn't make sense to me.  I'm going with the easiest explanation for what appear to be arms held behind her back is probably the correct one.  That makes the headdress idea extremely intriguing, doesn't it, because to my eyes, that headdress looks more or less like a crown -- or perhaps it's a 4th millenium BCE rendition of a spikey punk style hairdo, held in place with gel made from the hoofs of aurochs...

New Timeline for Establishment of Dynasties "Zero" and I in Ancient Egypt

Tres interesting.  I'm eager to see what other conventional timelines are erased and redrawn as modern techniques continue to be applied to re-analyze old discoveries and new ones, alike.

From BBC News Online
3 September 2013 Last updated at 20:51 ET

New timeline for origin of ancient Egypt

By Rebecca Morelle Science reporter, BBC World Service

 

A team from the UK found that the transformation from a land of disparate farmers into a state ruled by a king was more rapid than previously thought.

Using radiocarbon dating and computer models, they believe the civilisation's first ruler - King Aha - came to power in about 3100BC.  The research is published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society A.

Lead researcher Dr Michael Dee, from the Research Laboratory for Archaeology at the University of Oxford, said: "The formation of Egypt was unique in the ancient world. It was a territorial state; a state from which the moment it formed had established borders over a territory in much the same way we think of nations today.

"Trying to understand what happened in human history to lead people to establish this sort of polity we felt was a gap in understanding that needed to be filled."
First dynasty

Until now, the chronology of the earliest days of Egypt has been based on rough estimates.

With no written records from this very early period, a timeline has been based on the evolving styles of ceramics unearthed from human burial sites.

Now though, scientists have used radiocarbon dating of excavated hair, bones and plants, with established archaeological evidence and computer models to pinpoint when the ancient state came into existence.

Previous records suggested the pre-Dynastic period, a time when early groups began to settle along the Nile and farm the land, began in 4000BC. But the new analysis revealed this process started later, between 3700 or 3600BC.

The team found that just a few hundred years later, by about 3100BC, society had transformed to one ruled by a king.

Dr Dee told the BBC World Service programme Science in Action: "The time period is shorter than was previously thought - about 300 or 400 years shorter. Egypt was a state that emerged quickly - over that time one has immense social change.

"This is interesting when one compares it with other places. In Mesopotamia, for example, you have agriculture for several thousand years before you have anything like a state."

Archaeologists believe Egypt's first king, Aha, came to power after another prominent leader, Narmer, unified the land.

The team was also able to date the reigns of the next seven kings and queens - Djer, Djet, Queen Merneith, Den, Anedjib, Semerkhet and Qa'a - who with Aha formed Egypt's first dynasty.

The model suggests that King Djer may have ruled for more than 50 years. This is such a long period, it raises the possibility that there may have been other kings or queens of Egypt that we do not know about or that the state may have collapsed and reformed.

Commenting on the research, Prof Joann Fletcher from the department of archaeology at the University of York, said: "This is highly significant work, which pulls the beginnings of Egypt's dynastic history into much sharper focus - it is tremendously valuable to have such a precise timeline for Egypt's first rulers.

"The study also has ramifications for the earlier pre-Dynastic period, allowing us to better understand these key periods of transition."