Ancient 'Neanderthal' Navigators

From New Scientist
Neanderthals were ancient mariners

• 29 February 2012 by Michael Marshall
• Magazine issue 2854.

IT LOOKS like Neanderthals may have beaten modern humans to the seas. Growing evidence suggests our extinct cousins criss-crossed the Mediterranean in boats from 100,000 years ago - though not everyone is convinced they weren't just good swimmers.

Neanderthals lived around the Mediterranean from 300,000 years ago. Their distinctive "Mousterian" stone tools are found on the Greek mainland and, intriguingly, have also been found on the Greek islands of Lefkada, Kefalonia and Zakynthos. That could be explained in two ways: either the islands weren't islands at the time, or our distant cousins crossed the water somehow.

Now, George Ferentinos of the University of Patras in Greece says we can rule out the former. The islands, he says, have been cut off from the mainland for as long as the tools have been on them.

Ferentinos compiled data that showed sea levels were 120 metres lower 100,000 years ago, because water was locked up in Earth's larger ice caps. But the seabed off Greece today drops down to around 300 metres, meaning that when Neanderthals were in the region, the sea would have been at least 180 metres deep (Journal of Archaeological Science, DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2012.01.032).

Ferentinos thinks Neanderthals had a seafaring culture for tens of thousands of years. Modern humans are thought to have taken to the seas just 50,000 years ago, on crossing to Australia.

The journeys to the Greek islands from the mainland were quite short - 5 to 12 kilometres - but according to Thomas Strasser of Providence College in Rhode Island, the Neanderthals didn't stop there. In 2008 he found similar stone tools on Crete, which he says are at least 130,000 years old. Crete has been an island for some 5 million years and is 40 kilometres from its closest neighbour - suggesting far more ambitious journeys.

Strasser agrees Neanderthals were seafaring long before modern humans, in the Mediterranean at least. He thinks early hominins made much more use of the sea than anyone suspects, and may have used the seas as a highway, rather than seeing them as a barrier. But the details remain lost in history. Any craft were presumably made from wood, so rotted away long ago. The oldest known Mediterranean boat, a dugout canoe from Lake Bracciano in Italy, is just 7000 years old. Ferentinos speculates that Neanderthals may have made something similar.

There is a simpler explanation for how they reached the islands, says Paul Pettitt of the University of Sheffield, UK: maybe they just swam there. Pettitt also points out that the tools on the islands have not been chemically dated, so estimates of their age are based entirely on their design.

Even if Ferentinos is right, the Neanderthals were probably not the first hominin seafarers. One million-year-old stone tools have been found on the Indonesian island of Flores (Nature, DOI: 10.1038/nature 08844). Something, perhaps primitive Homo erectus, crossed the sea to Flores before Neanderthals even evolved. ["Evolved?"]

Were "European" Hunters the First Americans?

Article from The Independent

New evidence suggests Stone Age hunters from Europe discovered America
David Keys

Tuesday 28 February 2012

 

New archaeological evidence suggests that America was first discovered by Stone Age people from Europe – 10,000 years before the Siberian-originating ancestors of the American Indians set foot in the New World.

A remarkable series of several dozen European-style stone tools, dating back between 19,000 and 26,000 years, have been discovered at six locations along the US east coast. Three of the sites are on the Delmarva Peninsular in Maryland, discovered by archaeologist Dr Darrin Lowery of the University of Delaware. One is in Pennsylvania and another in Virginia. A sixth was discovered by scallop-dredging fishermen on the seabed 60 miles from the Virginian coast on what, in prehistoric times, would have been dry land.

The new discoveries are among the most important archaeological breakthroughs for several decades - and are set to add substantially to our understanding of humanity's spread around the globe.

The similarity between other later east coast US and European Stone Age stone tool technologies has been noted before. But all the US European-style tools, unearthed before the discovery or dating of the recently found or dated US east coast sites, were from around 15,000 years ago - long after Stone Age Europeans (the Solutrean cultures of France and Iberia) had ceased making such artefacts. Most archaeologists had therefore rejected any possibility of a connection. But the newly-discovered and recently-dated early Maryland and other US east coast Stone Age tools are from between 26,000 and 19,000 years ago - and are therefore contemporary with the virtually identical western European material.

What’s more, chemical analysis carried out last year on a European-style stone knife found in Virginia back in 1971 revealed that it was made of French-originating flint.

Professor Dennis Stanford, of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC, and Professor Bruce Bradley of the University of Exeter, the two leading archaeologists who have analysed all the evidence, are proposing that Stone Age people from Western Europe migrated to North America at the height of the Ice Age by travelling (over the ice surface and/or by boat) along the edge of the frozen northern part of the Atlantic. They are presenting their detailed evidence in a new book - Across Atlantic Ice – published this month.

At the peak of the Ice Age, around three million square miles of the North Atlantic was covered in thick ice for all or part of the year.

However, the seasonally shifting zone where the ice ended and the open ocean began would have been extremely rich in food resources – migrating seals, sea birds, fish and the now-extinct northern hemisphere penguin-like species, the great auk.

Stanford and Bradley have long argued that Stone Age humans were quite capable of making the 1500 mile journey across the Atlantic ice - but till now there was comparatively little evidence to support their thinking.

But the new Maryland, Virginia and other US east coast material, and the chemical tests on the Virginian flint knife, have begun to transform the situation. Now archaeologists are starting to investigate half a dozen new sites in Tennessee, Maryland and even Texas – and these locations are expected to produce more evidence.

Another key argument for Stanford and Bradley’s proposal is the complete absence of any human activity in north-east Siberia and Alaska prior to around 15,500 years ago. If the Maryland and other east coast people of 26,000 to 19,000 years ago had come from Asia, not Europe, early material, dating from before 19,000 years ago, should have turned up in those two northern areas, but none have been found.

Although Solutrean Europeans may well have been the first Americans, they had a major disadvantage compared to the Asian-originating Indians who entered the New World via the Bering Straits or along the Aleutian Islands chain after 15,500 years ago.

Whereas the Solutreans had only had a 4500 year long ‘Ice Age’ window to carry out their migratory activity, the Asian-originating Indians had some 15,000 years to do it. What’s more, the latter two-thirds of that 15 millennia long period was climatologically much more favourable and substantially larger numbers of Asians were therefore able to migrate.

As a result of these factors the Solutrean (European originating) Native Americans were either partly absorbed by the newcomers or were substantially obliterated by them either physically or through competition for resources.

Some genetic markers for Stone Age western Europeans simply don’t exist in north- east Asia – but they do in tiny quantities among some north American Indian groups. Scientific tests on ancient DNA extracted from 8000 year old skeletons from Florida have revealed a high level of a key probable European-originating genetic marker. There are also a tiny number of isolated Native American groups whose languages appear not to be related in any way to Asian-originating American Indian peoples.

But the greatest amount of evidence is likely to come from under the ocean – for most of the areas where the Solutreans would have stepped off the Ice onto dry land are now up to 100 miles out to sea.

The one underwater site that has been identified - thanks to the scallop dredgers – is set to be examined in greater detail this summer – either by extreme-depth divers or by remotely operated mini submarines equipped with cameras and grab arms.

Last Night and This Morning!

Spring has sprung
The storms have riz
I wonder where the flowers is

They're hiding under the snow, you dork! 

A little slide show I put together.  The storm was at its height during rush hour last evening, and it was nasty walking home through it, let me tell you!  The snow was wet, heavy and blowing all over the place.  I was getting thunked on the head from snow clumps falling out of trees, power lines were arcing and scaring the hell out of me, and the scarf I had wrapped around my face in a useless attempt to protect only succeeded in wrapping me in a soggy, wet mess that dripped icy rivulets of half-melted snow down the back of my neck!

But once I got home, I have to admit it was beautiful outside.  Ferocious, but beautiful.  My fingers itched for the camera and I snapped some shots in the dark -- not very good ones.  Then I took a couple of photos inside in the dark of my "spring" decorating attempts.  First time - ever - I have "decorated" the house for spring.  I'm mad, I tell you, MAD...

This morning dawned sunny and mild.  The view out the front window was breathtaking, same with the view out the patio door in the back.  I put down nuts for the squirrels.   I went out to get my exercise -- shoveling the snow before it turns to ice!  I figure each half-shovel full weighs about 10 pounds.  That's a lot of lifting, folks.  I feel like I've got Popeye arms right about now. 

After 45 minutes I took a break - still taking a break over an hour later :)  But I will finish it soon.

I took more photographs of the trees, street and yard scenes this morning, because the snow is - against all odds - still mostly clinging and covering everything in a wet blanket of white.  The sky fades from bright spring blue to dark storm cloud greys, and then the sun breaks through again and sends shafts of hot sunlight bouncing here and there. 

I'm in the mood - the mood for food - so time to eat some lunch.  I'm going to make a carrot salad and share it with my little bunny friend with the cheeky grin.  He was a gift from my honorary niece, Michelle, some years ago and he normally resides in the guest room with Bear.  But what better harbinger of spring than a snow storm, birds, butterflies, blossoms and bunnies???  I hope you enjoy my slideshow.

This free digital slideshow created with Smilebox

Meteorological Spring

Hmmmm, happens on March 1st, according to the local meteorologists on the local airwaves.  Amazingly enough, I'd managed to live the first 60 years of my life without ever having heard of this concept - until a day or two ago.

Many areas of the "midwest" including my home state of Wisconsin, experienced an abnormally warm and relatively snowless winter this season.  But "winter" never truly ends around here until the end of June.

So, it came as no surprise today to have to walk the 9 long blocks (half of it uphill into the wind) tonight after leaving the office.  But Mother Goddess, I sure was pissed off about it.  Arrived home drenched to the skin, with icy cold rivulets of water dripping down the back of my neck and my formerly waterproof booties have sprung hopeless leaks and need to be junked.  Of course, they were never designed to be fricking WADERS! 

Kinda looks like a Fairy Land, heh? 

Those little "white balls" and "glowing spots" on the pics are SNOW.  It was still snowing to beat the band when I was attempting to get these shots.  Crazy moi.

Back yard pics:

Hmmmm, sure hope I didn't scratch my lens doing something or other before taking that last photo...or maybe that's just blowing crap from around the southeast corner of the house, because that is the nominal direction from which the wind is supposed to be blowing right now (off of Lake Michigan, OF COURSE!)  Couldn't prove it by me, though.  If the wind has actually been blowing out of the southeast it would have been hitting my left backside; instead, I was nearly drowned by snow blowing into my eyes, ears, nose, and throat by the time I at last managed to trudge the last 30 feet up my driveway to my front door, gagging all the way.  I couldn't see, and my otherwise trusty blue scarf that I'd wrapped around my face in a fruitless attempt to protect it from the driving snow was frozen to my cheeks while running a constant rivulet of icy water down the back of my neck.  I also had crusted over eyelids with icicles, and frozen snot at the end of my nose.  Altogether, just a lovely "meteorological spring" stroll home from the bus stop after a long hard day at the office. 

I'm tired and I want to go to bed.  But the house is creaking and groaning under the weight of this WET AND HEAVY SNOW LOAD.  There are intermittent strong wind gusts that knock clumped-up snow and ice from my trees onto the roof, and against the windows and siding.  Sounds like bombs going off, damn!  Don't think I'm going to get much sleep tonight.

During the walk home tonight, just before I hit my block I thought I saw flashes of lightning.  But there was no thunder.  Then I started hearing bzzzzzzing noises, and that scared the frigging Hell out of me, let me tell you.  DOWNED WIRES!  I don't know exactly where they were, but they sure were arcing and bzzzzzzzzing, and I could smell the ozone in the air as I burst into a run -- where did that energy come from, I wonder!  Amazing what fear can do. 

Then, when I was putzing about in the kitchen jerry-rigging a shepherd's pie together, I saw that tell-tale bright white flashing light again.  I ran to the patio door, praying to Goddess that there were no downed wires in my backyard.  I still had power though...

The arcing light flashed a few more times as I turned on the light and pulled open the patio door.  I couldn't see anything though, not in all that driving snow hitting me in the face; but as far as I could tell, the lines across my backyard were still up and I didn't see anything resembling a fire.

But I'm not ashamed to tell you that I'm scared by this storm.  As storms go, it's not going to leave a lot of snow behind in my neck of the woods.  But the cold is coming and even as I write this I can feel a distinct chill in the house air that wasn't there before, and the sleet/mush/snow is going to freeze solid -- on all those millions of tree branches and limbs and electrical wires and power towers. That means potential for downed branches, limbs, wires and power towers.

Yes, it's going to be a long, sleepless night.

2012 European Women's Individual Chess Championship

R1 Pairings and Results (some are very interesting):

Bo. Name IRtg FED Pts Res. Pts Name IRtg FED 1 IM SAVINA Anastasia 2325 RUS 0 ½ - ½ 0 IM MUZYCHUK Anna 2583 SLO 2 GM DZAGNIDZE Nana 2559 GEO 0 0 - 1 0 WIM MAMMADOVA Gulnar 2324 AZE 3 WGM MAMEDJAROVA Zeinab 2321 AZE 0 ½ - ½ 0 GM LAHNO Kateryna 2546 UKR 4 GM KOSINTSEVA Nadezhda 2535 RUS 0 1 - 0 0 WGM MANAKOVA Maria 2315 SRB 5 WGM OZTURK Kubra 2314 TUR 0 0 - 1 0 GM STEFANOVA Antoaneta 2531 BUL 6 GM KOSINTSEVA Tatiana 2513 RUS 0 1 - 0 0 WIM BULMAGA Irina 2307 ROU 7 IM DWORAKOWSKA Joanna 2304 POL 0 0 - 1 0 GM SEBAG Marie 2512 FRA 8 IM GUNINA Valentina 2511 RUS 0 1 - 0 0 WGM BOROSOVA Zuzana 2302 SVK 9 WGM VIDENOVA Iva 2301 BUL 0 0 - 1 0 GM CMILYTE Viktorija 2497 LTU 10 IM KHOTENASHVILI Bela 2490 GEO 0 0 - 1 0 WIM IVAKHINOVA Inna 2285 RUS 11 WGM MAMEDJAROVA Turkan 2284 AZE 0 ½ - ½ 0 IM MUZYCHUK Mariya 2490 UKR 12 GM DANIELIAN Elina 2478 ARM 0 1 - 0 0 WIM DRLJEVIC Ljilja 2278 SRB 13 WIM RAKIC Marija 2270 SRB 0 ½ - ½ 0 IM SKRIPCHENKO Almira 2468 FRA 14 IM PAEHTZ Elisabeth 2459 GER 0 1 - 0 0 WGM CHELUSHKINA Irina 2263 SRB 15 WGM SANDU Mihaela 2253 ROU 0 0 - 1 0 IM MKRTCHIAN Lilit 2458 ARM 16 IM USHENINA Anna 2458 UKR 0 1 - 0 0 WIM KAZIMOVA Narmin 2253 AZE 17 WIM BRONNIKOVA Elizaveta 2252 RUS 0 0 - 1 0 WGM POGONINA Natalija 2449 RUS 18 GM KOSTENIUK Alexandra 2448 RUS 0 1 - 0 0 WIM ABDULLA Khayala 2246 AZE 19 WFM FOISOR Mihaela-Veronica 2242 ROU 0 ½ - ½ 0 IM JAVAKHISHVILI Lela 2448 GEO 20 IM KHURTSIDZE Nino 2447 GEO 0 1 - 0 0 WIM HAIRAPETIAN Anna 2227 ARM 21 WGM MAKROPOULOU Marina 2224 GRE 0 0 - 1 0 GM HOANG Thanh Trang 2438 HUN 22 WGM BATSIASHVILI Nino 2438 GEO 0 1 - 0 0 WIM UMUDOVA Nargiz 2220 AZE 23 WIM SEPS Monika 2204 SUI 0 ½ - ½ 0 GM ZHUKOVA Natalia 2435 UKR 24 IM ROMANKO Marina 2417 RUS 0 ½ - ½ 0 WIM ISGANDAROVA Khayala 2203 AZE 25 WIM BEZGODOVA Maria 2200 RUS 0 0 - 1 0 IM GAPONENKO Inna 2416 UKR 26 IM REPKOVA Eva 2416 SVK 0 1 - 0 0 WGM SHAYDULLINA Sandugach 2197 RUS 27 WIM KHARMUNOVA Nadejda 2191 RUS 0 1 - 0 0 IM BODNARUK Anastasia 2412 RUS 28 WGM GIRYA Olga 2406 RUS 0 1 - 0 0 WIM OLSAROVA Karolina 2189 CZE 29 WIM TSIGANOVA Monika 2185 EST 0 ½ - ½ 0 WGM PAIKIDZE Nazi 2406 GEO 30 IM MELIA Salome 2400 GEO 0 1 - 0 0 WFM COIMBRA Margarida 2156 POR 31 WFM CHEREDNICHENKO Elena 2130 UKR 0 0 - 1 0 IM FOISOR Cristina-Adela 2398 ROU 32 IM BOJKOVIC Natasa 2395 SRB 0 1 - 0 0 WFM KINEVA Ekaterina 2126 RUS 33 WFM DE SEROUX Camille 2122 SUI 0 0 - 1 0 WGM GURAMISHVILI Sopiko 2395 GEO 34 WGM KOVANOVA Baira 2392 RUS 0 0 - 1 0 WIM ALEXANIAN Nelli 2114 RUS 35 WFM MARECKOVA Martina 2114 CZE 0 0 - 1 0 WGM MICHNA Marta 2383 GER 36 WGM KASHLINSKAYA Alina 2377 RUS 0 1 - 0 0 WIM BEZGODOVA Svetlana 2109 RUS 37 WFM UTA Adeline-Ramona 2098 ROU 0 0 - 1 0 WGM CHAROCHKINA Daria 2371 RUS 38 WGM SZCZEPKOWSKA-HOROWSKA Karina 2369 POL 0 1 - 0 0 WFM MOTYCAKOVA Monika 2087 SVK 39 WCM KAYA Emel 1997 TUR 0 0 - 1 0 IM GALOJAN Lilit 2364 ARM 40 WGM ZAWADZKA Jolanta 2358 POL 0 1 - 0 0 MESSINA Roberta 1957 ITA 41 WCM CEMHAN Kardelen 1952 TUR 0 0 - 1 0 WGM VOJINOVIC Jovana 2356 MNE 42 IM SEDINA Elena 2353 ITA 0 1 - 0 0 MENZI Nezihe Ezgi 1900 TUR 43 SOYUNLU Narmin 1842 AZE 0 0 - 1 0 WGM MOLCHANOVA Tatjana 2346 RUS 44 WIM ZIAZIULKINA Nastassia 2343 BLR 0 1 - 0 0 ARIG Busra 1839 TUR 45 PATEL Yesim 1839 TUR 0 ½ - ½ 0 WGM YILDIZ Betul Cemre 2341 TUR 46 WIM GORYACHKINA Aleksandra 2341 RUS 0 0 - 1 0 OZTURK Hilal 1784 TUR 47 MARTYNKOVA Olena 1689 UKR 0 0 - 1 0 WIM ARABIDZE Meri 2337 GEO 48 IM GVETADZE Sofio 2334 GEO 0 1 - 0 0 ALEV Gonulden Seda 1612 TUR 49 DAI Irmak 1592 TUR 0 0 - 1 0 WIM MIKADZE Miranda 2329 GEO 50 WGM KURSOVA Maria 2328 ARM 0 1 - 0 0 BOZKURT Hatice Mislina TUR 51 DURMUS Aslihan TUR 0 0 - 1 0 WGM SCHLEINING Zoya 2326 GER SAHIN Hayrun Nisa TUR 0 1 - - Bye .

Turkish Chess Federation © 2011

Standings after R1:

Rank SNo. Name Rtg FED Pts ratP BH. BH. vict 1 103 SAHIN Hayrun Nisa TUR 1 0 0 ½ 0 2 4 GM KOSINTSEVA Nadezhda 2535 RUS 1 0 0 0 1 5 GM STEFANOVA Antoaneta 2531 BUL 1 0 0 0 1 6 GM KOSINTSEVA Tatiana 2513 RUS 1 0 0 0 1 7 GM SEBAG Marie 2512 FRA 1 0 0 0 1 8 IM GUNINA Valentina 2511 RUS 1 0 0 0 1 9 GM CMILYTE Viktorija 2497 LTU 1 0 0 0 1 12 GM DANIELIAN Elina 2478 ARM 1 0 0 0 1 14 IM PAEHTZ Elisabeth 2459 GER 1 0 0 0 1 15 IM MKRTCHIAN Lilit 2458 ARM 1 0 0 0 1 16 IM USHENINA Anna 2458 UKR 1 0 0 0 1 17 WGM POGONINA Natalija 2449 RUS 1 0 0 0 1 18 GM KOSTENIUK Alexandra 2448 RUS 1 0 0 0 1 20 IM KHURTSIDZE Nino 2447 GEO 1 0 0 0 1 21 GM HOANG Thanh Trang 2438 HUN 1 0 0 0 1 22 WGM BATSIASHVILI Nino 2438 GEO 1 0 0 0 1 25 IM GAPONENKO Inna 2416 UKR 1 0 0 0 1 26 IM REPKOVA Eva 2416 SVK 1 0 0 0 1 28 WGM GIRYA Olga 2406 RUS 1 0 0 0 1 30 IM MELIA Salome 2400 GEO 1 0 0 0 1 31 IM FOISOR Cristina-Adela 2398 ROU 1 0 0 0 1 32 IM BOJKOVIC Natasa 2395 SRB 1 0 0 0 1 33 WGM GURAMISHVILI Sopiko 2395 GEO 1 0 0 0 1 35 WGM MICHNA Marta 2383 GER 1 0 0 0 1 36 WGM KASHLINSKAYA Alina 2377 RUS 1 0 0 0 1 37 WGM CHAROCHKINA Daria 2371 RUS 1 0 0 0 1 38 WGM SZCZEPKOWSKA-HOROWSKA Karina 2369 POL 1 0 0 0 1 39 IM GALOJAN Lilit 2364 ARM 1 0 0 0 1 40 WGM ZAWADZKA Jolanta 2358 POL 1 0 0 0 1 41 WGM VOJINOVIC Jovana 2356 MNE 1 0 0 0 1 42 IM SEDINA Elena 2353 ITA 1 0 0 0 1 43 WGM MOLCHANOVA Tatjana 2346 RUS 1 0 0 0 1 44 WIM ZIAZIULKINA Nastassia 2343 BLR 1 0 0 0 1 47 WIM ARABIDZE Meri 2337 GEO 1 0 0 0 1 48 IM GVETADZE Sofio 2334 GEO 1 0 0 0 1 49 WIM MIKADZE Miranda 2329 GEO 1 0 0 0 1 50 WGM KURSOVA Maria 2328 ARM 1 0 0 0 1 51 WGM SCHLEINING Zoya 2326 GER 1 0 0 0 1 53 WIM MAMMADOVA Gulnar 2324 AZE 1 0 0 0 1 61 WIM IVAKHINOVA Inna 2285 RUS 1 0 0 0 1 78 WIM KHARMUNOVA Nadejda 2191 RUS 1 0 0 0 1 85 WIM ALEXANIAN Nelli 2114 RUS 1 0 0 0 1 97 OZTURK Hilal 1784 TUR 1 0 0 0 1 44 1 IM MUZYCHUK Anna 2583 SLO ½ 0 0 ½ 0 3 GM LAHNO Kateryna 2546 UKR ½ 0 0 ½ 0 11 IM MUZYCHUK Mariya 2490 UKR ½ 0 0 ½ 0 13 IM SKRIPCHENKO Almira 2468 FRA ½ 0 0 ½ 0 19 IM JAVAKHISHVILI Lela 2448 GEO ½ 0 0 ½ 0 23 GM ZHUKOVA Natalia 2435 UKR ½ 0 0 ½ 0 24 IM ROMANKO Marina 2417 RUS ½ 0 0 ½ 0 29 WGM PAIKIDZE Nazi 2406 GEO ½ 0 0 ½ 0 45 WGM YILDIZ Betul Cemre 2341 TUR ½ 0 0 ½ 0 52 IM SAVINA Anastasia 2325 RUS ½ 0 0 ½ 0 54 WGM MAMEDJAROVA Zeinab 2321 AZE ½ 0 0 ½ 0 62 WGM MAMEDJAROVA Turkan 2284 AZE ½ 0 0 ½ 0 64 WIM RAKIC Marija 2270 SRB ½ 0 0 ½ 0 70 WFM FOISOR Mihaela-Veronica 2242 ROU ½ 0 0 ½ 0 74 WIM SEPS Monika 2204 SUI ½ 0 0 ½ 0 75 WIM ISGANDAROVA Khayala 2203 AZE ½ 0 0 ½ 0 80 WIM TSIGANOVA Monika 2185 EST ½ 0 0 ½ 0 96 PATEL Yesim 1839 TUR ½ 0 0 ½ 0 62 2 GM DZAGNIDZE Nana 2559 GEO 0 0 0 1 0 10 IM KHOTENASHVILI Bela 2490 GEO 0 0 0 1 0 27 IM BODNARUK Anastasia 2412 RUS 0 0 0 1 0 34 WGM KOVANOVA Baira 2392 RUS 0 0 0 1 0 46 WIM GORYACHKINA Aleksandra 2341 RUS 0 0 0 1 0 55 WGM MANAKOVA Maria 2315 SRB 0 0 0 1 0 56 WGM OZTURK Kubra 2314 TUR 0 0 0 1 0 57 WIM BULMAGA Irina 2307 ROU 0 0 0 1 0 58 IM DWORAKOWSKA Joanna 2304 POL 0 0 0 1 0 59 WGM BOROSOVA Zuzana 2302 SVK 0 0 0 1 0 60 WGM VIDENOVA Iva 2301 BUL 0 0 0 1 0 63 WIM DRLJEVIC Ljilja 2278 SRB 0 0 0 1 0 65 WGM CHELUSHKINA Irina 2263 SRB 0 0 0 1 0 66 WGM SANDU Mihaela 2253 ROU 0 0 0 1 0 67 WIM KAZIMOVA Narmin 2253 AZE 0 0 0 1 0 68 WIM BRONNIKOVA Elizaveta 2252 RUS 0 0 0 1 0 69 WIM ABDULLA Khayala 2246 AZE 0 0 0 1 0 71 WIM HAIRAPETIAN Anna 2227 ARM 0 0 0 1 0 72 WGM MAKROPOULOU Marina 2224 GRE 0 0 0 1 0 73 WIM UMUDOVA Nargiz 2220 AZE 0 0 0 1 0 76 WIM BEZGODOVA Maria 2200 RUS 0 0 0 1 0 77 WGM SHAYDULLINA Sandugach 2197 RUS 0 0 0 1 0 79 WIM OLSAROVA Karolina 2189 CZE 0 0 0 1 0 81 WFM COIMBRA Margarida 2156 POR 0 0 0 1 0 82 WFM CHEREDNICHENKO Elena 2130 UKR 0 0 0 1 0 83 WFM KINEVA Ekaterina 2126 RUS 0 0 0 1 0 84 WFM DE SEROUX Camille 2122 SUI 0 0 0 1 0 86 WFM MARECKOVA Martina 2114 CZE 0 0 0 1 0 87 WIM BEZGODOVA Svetlana 2109 RUS 0 0 0 1 0 88 WFM UTA Adeline-Ramona 2098 ROU 0 0 0 1 0 89 WFM MOTYCAKOVA Monika 2087 SVK 0 0 0 1 0 90 WCM KAYA Emel 1997 TUR 0 0 0 1 0 91 MESSINA Roberta 1957 ITA 0 0 0 1 0 92 WCM CEMHAN Kardelen 1952 TUR 0 0 0 1 0 93 MENZI Nezihe Ezgi 1900 TUR 0 0 0 1 0 94 SOYUNLU Narmin 1842 AZE 0 0 0 1 0 95 ARIG Busra 1839 TUR 0 0 0 1 0 98 MARTYNKOVA Olena 1689 UKR 0 0 0 1 0 99 ALEV Gonulden Seda 1612 TUR 0 0 0 1 0 100 DAI Irmak 1592 TUR 0 0 0 1 0 101 BOZKURT Hatice Mislina TUR 0 0 0 1 0 102 DURMUS Aslihan TUR 0 0 0 1 0 .

Turkish Chess Federation © 2011