Monday, June 11, 2012

2012 Milwaukee Summer Challenge

My adopted chess club, Southwest Chess Club, is introducing an entirely new tournament to the Milwaukee chess scene and something that we usually don't see -- a two day, five-round Swiss!  I hope we'll see a great turn-out for this event.  If this one is successful, maybe we'll see more (and bigger prizes) in the future.
Saturday & Sunday, July 14-15, 2012
5-Round Swiss; G/120 with 5 second delay
4 Sections: Master/Expert (closed), U2000, U1500, and U1000
Best Game prizes in top three sections!


ENTRY FEE: $40 – All Sections (except U1000), U1000 Entry Fee: $25
(all sections $5 more after July 11, 2012)
SITE REGISTRATION: 8:30 a.m. – 9:30 a.m.
ROUNDS: Sat.: 10 am -- 2:30 pm -- 7 pm
Sun: 10 am -- 2:30 pm
Pairings by WinTD---No Computer Entries---No Smoking

The event will be held at the Wyndham Milwaukee Airport Hotel (near Milwaukee airport: 4747 S. Howell Avenue, Milwaukee - 414-481-8000). Mention Southwest Chess Club for $79 room rate.

China Poisoning Its Citizens - Again

China's Wuhan city covered in mysterious haze


Young and old residents of the Chinese metropolis of Wuhan were advised to stay indoors on Monday after a thick haze blanketed the city of nine million people, official media said.

Described by residents as opaque with yellowish and greenish tinges, the fug descended suddenly in the morning, prompting people to rush to put on face masks, witnesses told AFP. The official Xinhua news agency quoted the environmental protection department of Hubei province saying in a statement: "Children, the elderly and people with heart or respiratory diseases are advised to stay indoors."

Xinhua said straw burning was the cause and denied there had been any industrial accidents in or near Wuhan, after Internet rumours suggested there had been an explosion at a chemical complex northeast of the city.

"I looked out of the window of my office and I could not believe my eyes," said resident Li Yunzhong. "At first I thought it was going to rain. In 31 years in Wuhan I have never known anything like it. We are very worried because we do not know what it is." [Yeah, burning straw, and this resident of Wuhan has never seen anything like this in 31 years.  What, haven't the farmers ever burned straw before...]

France's consulate-general in the central city advised residents to stay at home, close their windows and limit the use of air-conditioning.

"The source of the thick cloud that has covered the city of Wuhan since this morning is at present unknown," it said on its website.  "Local authorities have promised us the information as soon as possible."

Xinhua described the haze as grey-yellow in colour and said it was seen in seven cities in Hubei province, including Wuhan.

Air pollution is increasingly acute in major Chinese cities and authorities are frequently accused of underestimating the severity of the problem in urban areas, especially in Beijing. Air-quality monitoring showed Wuhan's PM10 particulate concentration stood at 0.574 mg per cubic metre at 2:00 pm, more than triple the daily average of 0.150 mg, Xinhua reported.

But it quoted the environmental protection department saying industrial accidents were not responsible and analysis showed an increase in carbon particles from burning organic matter.

"Many farmers choose to burn crops that are left behind in their fields after harvesting," Xinhua said.
But Li was sceptical. "I doubt that," he said. "We don't practise large-scale shifting agriculture in our region."

Another resident told AFP she was leaving the city because of the cloud.

Wuhan is the capital of Hubei province and an industrial centre where many foreign firms have set up factories, including the French automotive group PSA Peugeot Citroën. Alstom also manufactures boilers for coal-fired power plants there.

China's environment suffers from industrial pollution, increasing traffic and lax protection measures.
Official air-quality statistics are sometimes at odds with non-government measurements, and are often viewed with distrust.

**************************************
The government is trying to blame this on "straw burning" farmers?   And this is what some people want to send the USA back to -- before the EPA, before environmental protection laws that only have been in effect in this country since the 1970's.  Think about that.

Sunday, June 10, 2012

"Out of Asia" v. "Out of Africa" Back in the News

'Sis wrote to me about this earlier in the week.  My take on this: Are they kidding?  How could anyone ever assume anything about something that is supposedly 37,000,000 years old?  This statement also does not make any sense: "The close similarity between Afrasia and Afrotarsius indicates that early anthropoids colonized Africa only shortly before the time when these animals lived."  What?  How could they have colonized Africa if they weren't yet alive -- shortly before they were alive or long before they were alive.  Geez!

From Phys Org

More evidence for Asia, not Africa, as the source of earliest anthropoid primates

June 4, 2012
An international team of researchers has announced the discovery of Afrasia djijidae, a new fossil primate from Myanmar that illuminates a critical step in the evolution of early anthropoids—the group that includes humans, apes, and monkeys. The 37-million-year-old Afrasia closely resembles another early anthropoid, Afrotarsius libycus, recently discovered at a site of similar age in the Sahara Desert of Libya. The close similarity between Afrasia and Afrotarsius indicates that early anthropoids colonized Africa only shortly before the time when these animals lived. The colonization of Africa by early anthropoids was a pivotal step in primate and human evolution, because it set the stage for the later evolution of more advanced apes and humans there. The scientific paper describing the discovery appears today in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

For decades, scientists thought that anthropoid evolution was rooted in Africa. However, more recent fossil discoveries in China, Myanmar, and other Asian countries have rapidly altered scientific opinion about where this group of distant human ancestors first evolved. Afrasia is the latest in a series of fossil discoveries that are overturning the concept of Africa as the starting point for anthropoid primate evolution.

"Not only does Afrasia help seal the case that anthropoids first evolved in Asia, it also tells us when our anthropoid ancestors first made their way to Africa, where they continued to evolve into apes and humans," says Chris Beard, Carnegie Museum of Natural History paleontologist and member of the discovery team that also included researchers from Myanmar, Thailand, and France. Beard is renowned for his extensive work on primate evolution and anthropoid origins. "Afrasia is a game-changer because for the first time it signals when our distant ancestors initially colonized Africa. If this ancient migration had never taken place, we wouldn't be here talking about it."

Timing is everything

Paleontologists have been divided over exactly how and when early Asian anthropoids made their way from Asia to Africa. The trip could not have been easy, because a more extensive version of the modern Mediterranean Sea called the Tethys Sea separated Africa from Eurasia at that time. While the discovery of Afrasia does not solve the exact route early anthropoids followed in reaching Africa, it does suggest that the colonization event occurred relatively recently, only shortly before the first anthropoid fossils are found in the African fossil record.

Myanmar's 37-million-year-old Afrasia is remarkable in that its teeth closely resemble those of Afrotarsius libycus, a North African primate dating to about the same time. The four known teeth of Afrasia were recovered after six years of sifting through tons of sediment near Nyaungpinle in central Myanmar. This locality occurs in the middle Eocene Pondaung Formation, where the same international research team discovered Ganlea megacanina, an influential fossil described in 2009 that helped solidify the presence of early anthropoid primates in Asia.

Details of tooth shape in the Asian Afrasia and the North African Afrotarsius fossils indicate that these animals probably ate insects. The size of their teeth suggests that in life these animals weighed around 3.5 ounces (100 g), roughly the size of a modern tarsier.

Because of the complicated structure of mammalian teeth, paleontologists often use them as fingerprints to reconstruct how extinct species are related to each other and their modern relatives. These similarities provide strong evidence that Afrasia's Asian cousins colonized North Africa only shortly before the appearance of Afrotarsius in the African fossil record. If Asian anthropoids had arrived in North Africa earlier, there would have been time for more differences to evolve between Afrasia and Afrotarsius. The close similarity in age and anatomy shared by the two species makes Afrasia a touchstone in the quest to date the spread of anthropoid primates from Asia to Africa.

"For years we thought the African fossil record was simply bad," says Professor Jean-Jacques Jaeger of the University of Poitiers in France, the team leader and a Carnegie Museum research associate. "The fact that such similar anthropoids lived at the same time in Myanmar and Libya suggests that the gap in early African anthropoid evolution is actually real. Anthropoids didn't arrive in Africa until right before we find their fossils in Libya."

Implications for future research

The search for the origin of early anthropoids—and, by extension, early human ancestors—is a focal point of modern paleoanthropology. The discovery of Afrasia shows that one lineage of early anthropoids colonized Africa around 37󈞒 million years ago, but the diversity of early anthropoids known from the Libyan site that produced Afrotarsius libycus hints that the true picture was more complicated. These other Libyan fossil anthropoids may be the descendants of one or more additional Asian colonists, because they don't appear to be specially related to Afrasia and Afrotarsius. Fossil evidence of evolutionary divergence—when a species divides to create new lineages—is critical data for researchers in evolution. The groundbreaking discovery of the relationship between Asia's Afrasia and North Africa's Afrotarsius is an important benchmark for pinpointing the date at which Asian anthropoids colonized Africa.

"Groundbreaking research like this underscores the vitality of modern natural history museums," says Sam Taylor, director of Carnegie Museum of Natural History. "Research like this can only be sustained by the irreplaceable collections, curatorial expertise, and scientific infrastructure that natural history museums provide. At the same time, cutting-edge science like this revitalizes our museum's educational programs and propels its mission."

"Reconstructing events like the colonization of Africa by early anthropoids is a lot like solving a very cold case file," says Beard. "Afrasia may not be the anthropoid who actually committed the act, but it is definitely on our short list of prime suspects."
More information: “A new middle Eocene primate from Myanmar and the initial anthropoid colonization of Africa,” by Yaowalak Chaimanee et al. PNAS, 2012.

How Old are the Bones of Atapuerca Cavern?

From The Guardian
by Robin McKie
June 9, 2012

Briton says Spanish researchers are out by 200,000 years and have even got the wrong species

It is the world's biggest haul of human fossils and the most important palaeontology site in Europe: a subterranean chamber at the bottom of a 50ft shaft in the deepest recesses of the Atapuerca cavern in northern Spain. Dozens of ancient skeletons have been unearthed.

La Sima de los Huesos – the Pit of Bones – has been designated a Unesco world heritage site because of its importance to understanding evolution, and millions of euros, donated by the EU, have been spent constructing a museum of human antiquity in nearby Burgos.

But Britain's leading expert on human evolution, Professor Chris Stringer, of the Natural History Museum, has warned in the journal Evolutionary Anthropology that the team in charge of La Sima has got the ages of its fossils wrong by 200,000 years and has incorrectly identified the species of ancient humans found there.

Far from being a 600,000-year-old lair of a species called Homo heidelbergensis, he believes the pit is filled with Neanderthal remains that are no more than 400,000 years old. The difference in interpretation has crucial implications for understanding human evolution.

"The Atapuerca finds are hugely important," said Stringer. "There is no other site like it in terms of numbers of bones and skulls of our ancient predecessors. It is the world's biggest collection of ancient human fossils and the team there has done a magnificent job in excavating the site. However, if we cannot correctly fix the age and identity of the remains then we are in trouble. Getting that wrong even affects how we construct our own evolution."

La Sima de los Huesos was discovered by potholers exploring Atapuerca's cavern system. One brought back a few fragments of human bone. Excavations led by Juan Luis Arsuaga, of Madrid university, began in 1990 and within two years had uncovered two complete human brain cases. Ribcages, leg bones and jawbones were also dug up. Arsuaga tentatively dated the finds as being 300,000 years old.

Since then, the remains of 28 bodies have been dug up, the world's greatest single haul of ancient human fossils. During this time, Arsuaga and his team pushed back the dates of their finds to 600,000 years ago and assigned them as belonging to Homo heidelbergensis.

This dating and identification has caused increasing upset among other palaeontologists. The scientists at La Sima believe H heidelbergensis is an ancestor of Neanderthals but not of Homo sapiens. However, others, including Stringer, believe it is indeed an ancestor of our species.

"The problem is that many of the skeletons unearthed at La Sima clearly have Neanderthal features," said Stringer. "In particular, their teeth and jaws are shaped very like those of Neanderthals. But all other evidence indicated Neanderthals did not appear on the scene for another 200,000 years. Dating these bones to such an early date completely distorts our picture of our evolution."

This criticism is supported by Phillip Endicott of the Musée de l'Homme, Paris. His studies of human and Neanderthal DNA have shown the latter did not appear as a separate species until 400,000 years ago. "Yet the bones in La Sima, which bear Neanderthal features, are supposed to be 600,000 years old," he said. "This cannot be true."

Another criticism is of the method used to date the Pit of Bones. A stalagmite found just above the remains has been dated as 600,000 years old, using natural uranium isotopes, and Sima scientists argue that the fossils must be older. They say the 28 bodies were thrown into the pit as an act of reverence for the dead and that the stalagmite grew over the sediment containing the bones.

However, this interpretation is controversial. No one has found any other evidence of ceremonial behaviour in humans of that antiquity. In addition, there is a deficit of small finger and toe bones. "If complete bodies were thrown in there, you would expect to see every piece of human anatomy down there," said Stringer. "But you don't. A lot of skeletal parts seem to be missing."

Yolanda Fernández-Jalvo and Peter Andrews, of, respectively, the Natural History Museums of Madrid and London, suggest the absence of small bones is best explained by assuming the bodies came from the cave system and were washed there by flood. Fingers and toes would have been lost as skeletons were swept into the pit where the stalagmite could already have formed.

However, Arsuaga has rejected this analysis. "You can call [the fossils] early Neanderthals or give them another name, it does not matter. I prefer to give a different name." But he admitted the 600,000-year age his team had put on the Sima fossils did look too early. "We are working on that," he said.

**********************************************
I ditto this comment made at The Guardian website at the end of the story:

imipak
10 June 2012 1:50AM
There are five known species of human at this point. If find X doesn't fit any of the five models, it is only rational to consider they may be up to six. That isn't rocket science.

They can, of course, solve the problem. Permanently. The have teeth and bones. Sacrifice a few, multiply up the DNA signature, subtract potential modern contamination (well-established procedures for this) and sequence what is left.

We are NOT living in Victorian times. We are NOT dependent on morphology, and much genetic work has gone into utterly discrediting the morphological analysis as not worth a damn.

For as long as scientists bicker, rather than study, I am left with the conclusion they don't want the results. We do what we value. If the scientists valued knowing over point-scoring, they would have resolved the issue before anyone ever realized there was one.

They did not. Ergo, they value pompous, self-cented ignorance above getting any credible work done.

Both teams are entitled to prove me wrong - all they have to do is pool funds, produce the sequence and publish it. With modern technology, that will cost around $4,000 US and will take around a week. If their unis wont fund it, they can pay for it themselves. It's cheaper than anything they've done so far and they CANNOT do the next right thing if they don't know what they are trying to do the next right thing about is.

Friday, June 8, 2012

Barden's Report on 2012 Women's World Rapid Chess Championship

A report on the recently-concluded Women's World Rapid Chess Championship

Series: Leonard Barden on Chess

Women's chess enjoying a surge in popularity, particularly in Georgia

Times are good for the world's best women chessplayers, who are mainly based in Russia, eastern Europe, China and India. Tournament prizes are rising, and more events are being launched. The all-time No1, Judit Polgar, and the 18-year-old world champion, Hou Yifan, are eagerly sought after by organisers and have thousands of fans. The 2010-11 women's Grand Prix ran much more smoothly than its male counterpart, in which some planned tournament venues did not take part.

Last week's World Rapid (one-hour games) and Blitz (10-minute games) championships in Batumi, Georgia, had a huge $100,000 prize fund. All the players stayed at the five-star Sheraton and the field, though lacking Polgar and Hou, attracted the cream of the female elite, a dozen of whom have ratings above the 2500 male grandmaster level.

That Georgia should host the eight-day event was no accident. The country's long tradition dates back centuries to when a chess set was part of a Georgian bride's dowry, and reached its zenith in 1962-1991 when, for three decades, only Georgian women held the world crown. Since then China and Russia have become the top nations, but Georgia remains in the top three.

The UK representative in Batumi, Keti Arakhamia-Grant, learnt her chess in Georgia, married a Scot, has won the Scottish title and has finished second in the British championship, both against men. She played to her rating in both the rapid and blitz but finished in midfield in both.

Antoaneta Stefanova won the World Rapid by half a point. The Bulgarian had luck when, in lost positions for her, two of her main rivals allowed mates in one and two, but she is a strong GM and a shrewd speed player, as below where her 11 Qg4!? (11 Qf3) offers the d4 pawn for attack. Black would be safe by 14...Nf6 but her 14...f5? created a weakness which White pounced on by 18 Bxe6+! and 20 Rd7! winning.

A Stefanova v N Khurtsidze
1 d4 Nf6 2 Nf3 e6 3 e3 c5 4 Bd3 b6 5 0-0 Bb7 6 c4 Be7 7 Nc3 cxd4 8 exd4 d5 9 cxd5 Nxd5 10 Ne5 0-0 11 Qg4!? Nf6 12 Qh4 Ne4 13 Qh3 Qxd4 14 Bf4 f5? 15 Bc4 Rf6 16 Rad1 Qc5 17 Nxe4 Bxe4 18 Bxe6+! Rxe6 19 Qb3 Qc8 20 Rd7! Nxd7 21 Qxe6+ Kh8 22 Nf7+ Kg8 23 Nd6+ 1-0
3257 1...Qc1+ 2 Kh2 Qc7+ 3 Kh1 Bc6 traps White's queen.

Mammoth Discovery in Iowa May Provide Future Answers

From PhysOrg

Scientists excited about US mammoth discovery

June 6, 2012
(AP) — An unusual discovery of mammoth bones on a rural Oskaloosa farm has experts studying prehistoric life excited about scientific discoveries that may lie with the massive beast.

The find is rare because it appears to include much of the animal's skeleton undisturbed. That allows scientists to gather pollen and other plant evidence at the dig site that could reveal details about Iowa's environment more than 12,000 years ago.

Scientists from the University of Iowa plan to scan the area with ground penetrating radar on Friday to see if they can determine how much of the mammoth remains underground. Excavation will continue throughout the summer.

Bones were first found two years ago by the landowner. He wants his name and location of the farm to remain confidential to protect the site.
Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

Mob Attacks Female Protesters in Egypt

Oh, the irony, the irony.
From Yahoo News

Mob attacks women at Egypt anti-sex assault rally


CAIRO (AP) — A mob of hundreds of men assaulted women holding a march demanding an end to sexual harassment Friday, with the attackers overwhelming the male guardians and groping and molesting several of the female marchers in Cairo's Tahrir Square.

From the ferocity of the assault, some of the victims said it appeared to have been an organized attempt to drive women out of demonstrations and trample on the pro-democracy protest movement.

The attack follows smaller scale assaults on women this week in Tahrir, the epicenter of the uprising that forced Hosni Mubarak to step down last year. Thousands have been gathering in the square this week in protests over a variety of issues — mainly over worries that presidential elections this month will secure the continued rule by elements of Mubarak's regime backed by the ruling military.

Earlier in the week, an Associated Press reporter witnessed around 200 men assault a woman who eventually fainted before men trying to help could reach her.

Friday's march was called to demand an end to sexual assaults. Around 50 women participated, surrounded by a larger group of male supporters who joined to hands to form a protective ring around them. The protesters carried posters saying, "The people want to cut the hand of the sexual harasser," and chanted, "The Egyptian girl says it loudly, harassment is barbaric."

After the marchers entered a crowded corner of the square, a group of men waded into the women, heckling them and groping them. The male supporters tried to fend them off, and it turned into a melee involving a mob of hundreds.

The marchers tried to flee while the attackers chased them and male supporters tried to protect them. But the attackers persisted, cornering several women against a metal sidewalk railing, including an Associated Press reporter, shoving their hands down their clothes and trying to grab their bags. The male supporters fought back, swinging belts and fists and throwing water.

Eventually, the women were able to reach refuge in a nearby building with the mob still outside until they finally got out to safety.

"After what I saw and heard today. I am furious at so many things. Why beat a girl and strip her off? Why?" wrote Sally Zohney, one of the organizers of the event on Twitter.

The persistence of the attack raised the belief of many that it was intentional, though who orchestrated it was unclear.

Mariam Abdel-Shahid, a 25 year-old cinema student who took part in the march, said "sexual harassment will only take us backward."

"This is pressure on the woman to return home," she said.

Ahmed Mansour, a 22 year-old male medical student who took part in the march, said there are "people here trying to abuse the large number of women protesters who feel safe and secure. Some people think it is targeted to make women hate coming here."

"I am here to take a position and to object to this obscene act in society," he said.

Assaults on women Tahrir have been a demoralizing turn for Egypt's protest movement.

During the 18-day uprising against Mubarak last year, women say they briefly experienced a "new Egypt," with none of the harassment that is common in Cairo's streets taking place in Tahrir. Women participated in the anti-Mubarak uprising as leading activists, protesters, medics and even fighters to ward off attacks by security agents or affiliated thugs. They have continued the role during the frequent protests over the past 15 months against the military, which took power after Mubarak's fall on Feb. 11, 2011.

But women have also been targeted, both by mobs and by military and security forces in crackdowns, a practice commonly used by Mubarak security against protesters. Lara Logan, a U.S. correspondent for CBS television, was sexually assaulted by a frenzied mob in Tahrir on the day Mubarak stepped down, when hundreds of thousands of Egyptians came to the square to celebrate.

In a defining image of the post-Mubarak state violence against women, troops dispersing a December protest in Tahrir were captured on video stripping a woman's top off down to her blue bra and stomping with their boots on her chest, as other troops pulled her by the arms across the ground.

That incident prompted an unprecedented march by some 10,000 women through central Cairo in December demanding Egypt's ruling military step down in a show of outrage

In contrast, the small size of Friday's march could reflect the vulnerability and insecurity many feel in the square, which was packed with thousands of mostly young men by nightfall Friday. Twenty rights groups signed on to support the stand and hundreds more vowed to take part, according to the Facebook page where organizers publicized the event, but only around 50 women participated.

Sexual harassment of women, including against those who wear the Islamic headscarf or even cover their face, is common in the streets of Cairo. A 2008 report by the Egyptian Center for Women's Rights says two-thirds of women in Egypt experienced sexual harassment on a daily basis. A string of mass assaults on women in 2006 during the Muslim feast following the holy month of Ramadan prompted police to increase the number of patrols to combat it but legislation providing punishment was never passed.

After Friday's attack, many were already calling for another, much larger stand in the square against such assaults.

Another participant in Friday's march, Ahmed Hawary, said a close female friend of his was attacked by a mob of men in Tahrir Square in January. She was rushed off in an ambulance, which was the only way to get her out, he said. After suffering from a nervous breakdown, she left Cairo altogether to work elsewhere in Egypt.

"Women activists are at the core of the revolution," Hawary said. "They are the courage of this movement. If you break them, you break the spirit of the revolution."

Thursday, June 7, 2012

Statue of Buddha Found in Afghanistan

From Live Science

Ancient Statue Reveals Prince Who Would Become Buddha

Date: 06 June 2012 Time: 07:03 PM ET


In the ruins of a Buddhist monastery in Afghanistan, archaeologists have uncovered a stone statue that seems to depict the prince Siddhartha before he founded Buddhism.

CREDIT: Jaroslav Poncar

The stone statue, or stele, was discovered at the Mes Aynak site in a ruined monastery in 2010, but it wasn't until now that it was analyzed and described. Gérard Fussman, a professor at the Collège de France in Paris, details his study in "The Early Iconography of Avalokitesvara" (Collège de France, 2012).

Standing 11 inches (28 centimeters) high and carved from schist — a stone not found in the area — the stele depicts a prince alongside a monk. Based on a bronze coin found nearby, Fussman estimates the statue dates back at least 1,600 years. Siddhartha lived 25 centuries ago.

The prince is shown sitting on a round wicker stool, his eyes looking down and with his right foot against his left knee. He is "clad in a dhoti (a garment), with a turban, wearing necklaces, earrings and bracelets, sitting under a pipal tree foliage. On the back of the turban, two large rubans [are] flowing from the head to the shoulders," writes Fussman in his new book. "The turban is decorated by a rich front-ornament, without any human figure in it." [Photos of the statue and ancient Buddhist monastery]

The monk stands at the prince's right side, his right forearm shown upright. In his right hand the monk holds a lotus flower or palm (now broken), and in his left is a round object of some kind.

Based on the iconography of the stele, particularly the pipal leaves, Fussman believes the prince is Gautama Siddhartha Sakyamuni, who is said to have achieved enlightenment, become a Buddha — someone of divine wisdom and virtue — and founded the religion of Buddhism. This stele shows him at an early moment in his life, when he has yet to start his fateful journey of enlightenment.
Siddhartha's story

According to the story, Siddhartha's father wanted him to follow a worldly path and tried to keep his son cloistered in a palace.

"Lotus pools were made for me at my father's house solely for my use; in one, blue lotuses flowered, in another white, and in another red," says Siddharthain ancient writings attributed to him. "A white sunshade was held over me day and night so that I would not be troubled by cold or heat, dust or grit or dew." (This translation is from Rupert Gethin's "The Foundations of Buddhism," Oxford University Press, 1998.)

The prince's life would change when he ventured outside the palace and saw the real world. "As soon as he left the palace he became pessimistic," Fussman told LiveScience, "because by meeting these people, he knew that everybody is to work, everybody may become ill, everybody is to die."
He grew disenchanted with palace life and left, becoming a poor ascetic.

Tibetan clues

Fussman said that this stele supports the idea that there was a monastic cult, in antiquity, dedicated to Siddhartha's pre-enlightenment life. This idea was first proposed in a 2005 article inthe journalEast and West by UCLA professor Gregory Schopen. Schopen found evidence for the cult when studying the Tibetan version of the monastic code, Mulasarvastivada vinaya.

It's a "cult focused on his image that involved taking it in procession through the region and into town," Schopen wrote. "A cult tied to a cycle of festivals celebrating four moments, not in the biography of the Buddha but in the pre-enlightenment period of the life of Siddhartha."

One section of the code authorizes carrying the image of Siddhartha (referred to as a Bodhisattva) on a wagon.

Whether or not the newly discovered stele went on a wagon ride, Fussman said the depiction of Gautama Siddhartha Sakyamuni before he became a Buddha provides further evidence of the existence of this cult. "Here also you have an instance of it," he said in the interview, "the Buddha before he became a Buddha."

Excavations continue at the Mes Aynak site as scientists explore the complex in an effort to save the artifacts before the area is disturbed by copper mining.

Another Dog Saves Another Baby

I cannot vouch for the accuracy of the story.  I saw it earlier today reported at Yahoo news but tonight I wasn't able to find it there.  I did find a shortened version of the story elsewhere, so here is the shortened version.  I add from the story I remember reading this morning:  The farmer was worried about his dog when he didn't come home at the regular time.  He got together a search party and they searched for the dog for hours and finally found it underneath a bridge - and as you'll see in the story, snuggling up to a newborn male infant wrapped in blankets!  That the farmer was worried about his dog signals to me either that the dog was a very valuable member of the farmer's "family" (in terms of being a good herder, for instance), and/or the dog was well loved. [Added at 9:25 p.m.:  I found the Yahoo linked story here]. 

From Life With Dogs: June 6, 2012

A loyal canine has earned hero status after he was found cradling an abandoned baby that he had spent the night protecting. According to authorities, a two week old child was discovered under a bridge in Winkongo, near Bolgatanga, the Upper East Regional Capital of Ghana, after being forsaken by its mother.

Left alone in a hostile environment, the baby did not have to fend for itself – it was saved by a local farm dog.

Officials say the two were found together many hours after the dog went missing. A search party spent the night combing area fields and forests in pursuit of the wandering canine, but it was not until morning that they made a stunning discovery when they found him under the bridge, near the farm, with a human baby nuzzled against him.

The remarkable tale was reported by Madam Rosemary Azure, Talensi-Nabdam District Director of Health, in an interview with the Ghana News Agency.

According to Madam Azure, the chief of police said the vulnerable youngster had been abandoned by its mother for reasons unknown before being saved by the dog. His umbilical cord was still uncut and had been infected, but the young child was otherwise unscathed after spending the night with the protective canine.

A local health directorate has taken custody of the child until a new home can be found for him.



This is not the first dog to save a human infant.  There are other stories in the not too distant past about a similar thing happening.  I found these reports, for instance, in a search at BBC News:

Page last updated at 06:36 GMT, Saturday, 23 August 2008 07:36 UK
By Daniel Schweimler
BBC News, Buenos Aires                   

An eight-year-old dog has touched the hearts of Argentines by saving the life of an abandoned baby, placing him safely alongside her own new puppies.
The country's media are calling him "the miracle baby".


Last Updated: Thursday, 12 May, 2005, 15:10 GMT 16:10 UK
Kenya's 'Angel mother' arrested

The alleged mother of the Kenyan baby reportedly saved by a dog from a forest has been arrested, police say.

The woman was arrested in an upmarket estate near where the two-week-old girl, nicknamed Angel, was found. ...

Angel was found among a litter of puppies and her case has touched the hearts of many Kenyans, with offers of help - and adoption - pouring in.

'Saviour'

...  The dog has been named "Mkombozi", a Kiswahili word for saviour, after locals reported seeing the dog walking out of a forest, carrying the baby in a bag. ...

"Ring of Babies" Buried in Peruvian Tomb

From The National Geographic
A totally misleading headline: 

Pictures: Huge Peru Tomb Found—80 Bodies, Ring of Babies

Bundled Bodies

Photograph courtesy Université libre de Bruxelles


The adult dead in the newfound tomb were found in the fetal position, which may have represented "some kind of rebirth" to the Ychsma, excavation leader Eeckhout said.

About half the bodies in the tomb belonged to babies—signaling either ritual sacrifice or that they'd "died from natural causes and then were deposited in some place until the moment of the foundation of that tomb," Eeckhout said.

Physical evidence of sacrifice, he added, may be hard to spot on the tiny corpses, particularly in cases of suffocation. Signs of sacrifice have been found in the past on very well preserved Pachacamac infant remains, he added. "But in this case it is absolutely not sure."

There's no doubt, though, that animals were sacrificed, Eeckhout said. Guinea pigs appear to have been the favored offerings, but dogs and parts of llamas or alpacas have also been recovered from the tomb.

So, even though they ABSOLUTELY are not sure, the caption to the photo still reads "Mummy bundles, child sacrifices found on pyramid."  Nice disclaimer, dudes.

Article about the ongoing excavations at Pachacamac. 

Tuesday, June 5, 2012

Mega Droughts in Sierra Nevada Confirmed

The last mega-drought to hit the area was devasting to Native Americans living there.  What would another mega-drought do the current much larger populations living in the region today?  And how would we respond?

Sierra Nevada 200-Year Megadroughts Confirmed
ScienceDaily (June 1, 2012) — The erratic year-to-year swings in precipitation totals in the Reno-Tahoe area conjures up the word "drought" every couple of years, and this year is no exception. The Nevada State Climate Office at the University of Nevada, Reno, in conjunction with the Nevada Drought Response Committee, just announced a Stage 1 drought (moderate) for six counties and a Stage 2 drought (severe) for 11 counties.

Reno, Lake Tahoe and the Sierra Nevada are no strangers to drought, the most famous being the Medieval megadrought lasting from 800 to 1250 A.D. when annual precipitation was less than 60 percent of normal. The Reno-Tahoe region is now about 65 percent of annual normal precipitation for the year, which doesn't seem like much, but imagine if this were the "norm" each and every year for the next 200 years.

Research by scientists at the University of Nevada, Reno and their partners at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego indicates that there are other instances of such long-lasting, severe droughts in the western United States throughout history. Their recent paper, a culmination of a comprehensive high-tech assessment of Fallen Leaf Lake -- a small moraine-bound lake at the south end of the Lake Tahoe Basin -- reports that stands of pre-Medieval trees in the lake suggest the region experienced severe drought at least every 650 to 1,150 years during the mid- and late-Holocene period.

"Using an arsenal of cutting edge sonar tools, remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), and a manned submersible, we've obtained potentially the most accurate record thus far on the instances of 200-year-long droughts in the Sierra," Graham Kent, director of the Nevada Seismological Laboratory said. "The record from Fallen Leaf Lake confirms what was expected and is likely the most accurate record, in terms of precipitation, than obtained previously from a variety of methods throughout the Sierra."

Kent is part of the University of Nevada, Reno and Scripps research team that traced the megadroughts and dry spells of the region using tree-ring analysis, shoreline records and sediment deposition in Fallen Leaf Lake. Using side-scan and multibeam sonar technology developed to map underwater earthquake fault lines such as the West Tahoe fault beneath Fallen Leaf Lake, the team also imaged standing trees up to 130 feet beneath the lake surface as well as submerged ancient shoreline structure and development. The trees matured while the lake level was 130 to 200 feet below its modern elevation and were not deposited by a landslide as was suspected.

The team, led by John Kleppe, University of Nevada, Reno engineering professor emeritus, published a paper on this research and is presenting its findings in seminars and workshops.

"The lake is like a 'canary in a coal mine' for the Sierra, telling the story of precipitation very clearly," Kent said. "Fallen Leaf Lake elevations change rapidly due to its unique ratio between catchment basin and lake surface of about 8 to 1. With analysis of the standing trees submerged in the lake, sediment cores and our sonar scanning of ancient shorelines, we can more accurately and easily trace the precipitation history of the region."

Water balance calculations and analysis of tree-ring samples undertaken by Kleppe, Kent and Scripps scientists Danny Brothers and Neal Driscoll, along with Professor Franco Biondi of the University's College of Science, suggest annual precipitation was less than 60 percent of normal from the late 10th century to the early 13th century. Their research was documented in a scientific paper, Duration and severity of Medieval drought in the Lake Tahoe Basin, published in the Quaternary Science Reviews in November 2011.

Tree-ring records and submerged paleoshoreline geomorphology suggest a Medieval low-lake level of Fallen Leaf Lake lasted more than 220 years. More than 80 trees were found lying on the lake floor at various elevations above the paleoshoreline.

"Although the ancient cycle of megadroughts seems to occur every 650 to 1150 years and the last one was 750 years ago, it is uncertain when the next megadrought will occur. With climate change upon us, it will be interesting to see how carbon dioxide loading in the atmosphere will affect this cycle," Kent said.

Professor Paula Noble, in the University's College of Science's Department of Geological Sciences and Engineering, is expanding this research to include the fine-scale study of climate change through out the Holocene (about 12,000 years) using recently collected 40-foot-long sediment cores in Fallen Leaf Lake.

2012 Women's World Rapid and Blitz Chess Championships

Held in Batumi, Georgia, May 31 - June 5, 2012.  Official website

Time Controls:
Rapid: 25 min + 10 seconds
Blitz: 4 min + 2 seconds

GM Antoaneta Stefanova of Bulgaria (1st in Rapid; 5th in Blitz) and GM Alexandra Kosteniuk of Russia (2nd in Rapid; 4th in Blitz) had excellent events.  Kudos also to GM Kateryna Lahno of Ukraine (4th in Rapid; 8th in Blitz) , GM Anna Muzychuk of Slovenia (5th in Rapid; 3rd in Blitz), and GM Nana Dzagnidze of Georgia (7th in Rapid; 6th in Blitz.) 


GM Maia Chiburdanidze (left) of Georgia, long-time Women's
World Chess Champion, fininshed in 9th place in the Blitz; and GM Pia Cramling
of Sweden, the second woman in the world to earn a GM title the traditional way,
(through norms and rating), finished 8th in the Rapid.  Well done, ladies!
More photos below.
Final standings, Women's World Rapid:
Rk. NameFEDRtgPts. TB1 TB2 TB3
1
GMStefanova AntoanetaBUL25188.561.574.52700
2
GMKosteniuk AlexandraRUS24578.061.574.52672
3
GMKoneru HumpyIND25898.060.574.52630
4
GMLahno KaterynaUKR25468.057.570.52639
5
GMMuzychuk AnnaSLO25987.559.570.52554
6
GMHarika DronavalliIND25087.553.064.02563
7
GMDzagnidze NanaGEO25477.053.065.52562
8
GMCramling PiaSWE24786.557.568.02545
9
GMZhao XueCHN25496.556.069.52535
10
WGMGuo QiCHN23606.556.069.02562
11
IMPaehtz ElisabethGER24916.554.564.52491
12
WGMTan ZhongyiCHN24306.554.065.52528
13
IMJavakhishvili LelaGEO24496.552.063.52514
14
GMZhukova NataliaUKR24426.552.063.02527
15
GMZhu ChenQAT24916.552.063.02485
16
GMKosintseva TatianaRUS25326.548.057.02424
17
WGMHuang QianCHN24176.062.575.52542
18
IMKhurtsidze NinoGEO24566.058.571.52530
19
Wang JueCHN23646.055.567.02540
20
IMGunina ValentinaRUS25306.054.567.52481
21
IMMkrtchian LilitARM24496.051.063.02460
22
IMUshenina AnnaUKR24545.552.063.52445
23
GMArakhamia-Grant KetevanSCO24265.551.063.02459
24
WGMBatsiashvili NinoGEO24365.550.062.52442
25
IMMelia SalomeGEO24105.546.058.02443
26
WGMPogonina NatalijaRUS24475.546.055.02370
27
GMDanielian ElinaARM24845.545.055.02370
28
IMKhukhashvili SopikoGEO24145.543.052.52390
29
IMGvetadze SofioGEO23385.053.066.52426
30
IMMuzychuk MariyaUKR24565.051.061.02407
31
GMChiburdanidze MaiaGEO25005.049.560.52386
32
WGMCori T DeysiPER23865.047.558.02365
33
WGMDing YixinCHN23535.045.055.02381
34
IMPurtseladze MakaGEO23485.044.054.02380
35
IMKrush IrinaUSA24575.043.051.02340
36
IMLomineishvili MaiaGEO23665.041.551.02362
37
IMKovalevskaya EkaterinaRUS24174.548.560.02396
38
GMSocko MonikaPOL24844.548.058.52347
39
WGMMammadova GulnarAZE23454.547.559.02381
40
IMMatnadze AnaESP24464.544.053.02304
41
WIMMikadze MirandaGEO23234.541.549.02315
42
WIMArabidze MeriGEO23514.541.050.02330
43
WGMCharkhalashvili IngaGEO23344.541.049.52323
44
WIMJanjghava NatiaGEO23064.042.051.52261
45
IMKlinova MashaISR23183.546.054.52246
46
IMKhotenashvili BelaGEO25003.544.553.02258
47
IMGurieli NinoGEO23293.540.549.02218
48
WIMUmudova NargizAZE22313.039.548.02188
49
WIMBezgodova SvetlanaRUS21202.544.554.02192
50
GMGaprindashvili NonaGEO23562.039.048.02105
Annotation:
Tie Break1: Buchholz Tie-Breaks (variabel with parameter)
Tie Break2: Buchholz Tie-Breaks (variabel with parameter)


Final Standings, Women's World Blitz:
Rk. NameFEDRtgPts. TB1 TB2 TB3
1
IMGunina ValentinaRUS253013.0116.0133.02804
2
GMZhukova NataliaUKR244210.5113.0129.52629
3
GMMuzychuk AnnaSLO259810.5110.5129.52612
4
GMKosteniuk AlexandraRUS245710.0113.0131.52583
5
GMStefanova AntoanetaBUL25189.5114.5134.52559
6
GMDzagnidze NanaGEO25479.5112.5132.02543
7
WGMDing YixinCHN23539.593.0105.02544
8
GMLahno KaterynaUKR25469.0109.5128.52530
9
GMChiburdanidze MaiaGEO25009.0108.0127.02512
10
WGMTan ZhongyiCHN24309.0102.5119.02541
11
IMLomineishvili MaiaGEO23669.0100.0116.02541
12
IMMelia SalomeGEO24109.0100.0115.52544
13
IMUshenina AnnaUKR24549.099.5116.02525
14
WGMBatsiashvili NinoGEO24368.5112.0130.52530
15
IMMatnadze AnaESP24468.5101.5118.02507
16
IMKhotenashvili BelaGEO25008.595.0111.52455
17
IMMuzychuk MariyaUKR24568.0117.0133.52471
18
WGMCori T DeysiPER23868.0112.5131.52507
19
GMZhao XueCHN25498.0109.0125.52431
20
GMKoneru HumpyIND25898.098.0112.52407
21
WIMMammadova GulnarAZE23458.097.5111.02472
22
WGMPogonina NatalijaRUS24478.092.0105.02449
23
WIMArabidze MeriGEO23518.079.590.52417
24
WGMHuang QianCHN24177.5106.5122.52471
25
IMPaehtz ElisabethGER24917.599.5113.52422
26
GMCramling PiaSWE24787.592.5107.02387
27
IMKrush IrinaUSA24577.589.0101.52374
28
WGMGuo QiCHN23607.586.5101.02413
29
GMArakhamia-Grant KetevanSCO24267.0101.0114.02410
30
IMKhurtsidze NinoGEO24567.097.5112.52387
31
IMPurtseladze MakaGEO23487.096.0109.02408
32
GMHarika DronavalliIND25087.095.5108.02383
33
IMGvetadze SofioGEO23387.093.0106.02427
34
IMMkrtchian LilitARM24497.091.0104.02387
35
WIMMikadze MirandaGEO23237.085.598.02384
36
GMKosintseva TatianaRUS25326.5107.0124.52372
37
Wang JueCHN23646.5106.0122.02408
38
IMKhukhashvili SopikoGEO24146.590.5107.02380
39
GMSocko MonikaPOL24846.099.0114.52328
40
GMDanielian ElinaARM24846.096.5111.02334
41
IMKovalevskaya EkaterinaRUS24176.095.0108.02374
42
WGMCharkhalashvili IngaGEO23346.085.599.52334
43
GMZhu ChenQAT24916.084.098.02315
44
IMJavakhishvili LelaGEO24496.083.097.02325
45
WIMJanjghava NatiaGEO23065.580.594.02278
46
IMKlinova MashaISR23185.080.592.02255
47
WIMUmudova NargizAZE22314.078.089.52185
48
IMGurieli NinoGEO23293.582.096.02149
49
WIMBezgodova SvetlanaRUS21203.582.095.02183
50
GMGaprindashvili NonaGEO23563.581.093.52153

Annotation:
Tie Break1: Buchholz Tie-Breaks (variabel with parameter)
Tie Break2: Buchholz Tie-Breaks (variabel with parameter)

Prizes:
100.000 (one hundred thousand) USD is distributed as follows:

Rapid (59000 USD):
1st place 12000 USD
2nd place 9000 USD
3rd place 7000 USD
4th place 6000 USD
5th place 5000 USD
6th place 4000 USD
7th – 8th place 3000 USD each
9th – 10th place 2000 USD each
11th – 12th place 1500 USD each
13th – 15th place 1000 USD each

Blitz (41000 USD):
1st place 10000 USD 
2nd place 7000 USD
3rd place 5000 USD
4th place 4000 USD
5th place 3000 USD
6th place 2000 USD
7th – 10th place 1500 USD each
11th – 13th place 1000 USD each
14th – 15th place 500 USD each

GM Antoaneta Stefanova of Bulgaria, winner of 2012 Women's Rapid Chess Championship
IM Valentina Gunina of Russia, winner of 2012 Women's Blitz Chess Championship

U.S. Women's chess champion, IM Irina Krush.  She
finished out of the money in a tough competition.

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